Micronucleus test in bivalve mollusks as an important tool for xenobiotic exposure risk assessment Teste do micronúcleo em moluscos bivalves como uma importante ferramenta de avaliação de risco da exposição a xenobióticos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2312/Actafish.2016.4.1.70-79Palavras-chave:
bioindicator bivalves, genotoxicity, micronuclei / bivalves bioindicadores, genotoxicidade, micronúcleosResumo
Abstract The interest in environmental genotoxicity studies has increased, and the micronucleus test (MN) is one of the most popular and promising tests on ecotoxicology, representing a cytogenetic indicator of DNA damage in dividing cells. Genotoxicity studies employed this methodology to evaluate possible genotoxic risk due to exposition to hazardous xenobiotics in different organisms, including aquatic sentinel organisms. In this context, bivalve mollusks stand out because of some aspects of their way of life, such as filtering food from the water. In bivalves, the MN test evaluates aneugenic and clastogenic effects preferably in hemocytes and gill cells. In the last two decades an interesting increase can be observed in the number of studies using the MN test in bivalve species, both in biomonitoring in situ and in the genotoxicity assays under controlled laboratory conditions, which are targeted to several chemicals with genotoxic and carcinogenic potential in the aquatic environment.
Resumo O interesse sobre estudos de genotoxicidade ambiental tem sido crescente e o teste do micronúcleo (MN) é um dos mais populares e promissores testes relacionados à ecotoxicologia, representando um indicador citogenético de danos ao DNA de células em divisão. Estudos de genotoxicidade empregam esta metodologia para avaliar possíveis riscos genotóxicos devidos à exposição a xenobióticos perigosos em diferentes organismos, incluindo organismos aquáticos sentinelas. Neste contexto, moluscos bivalves destacam-se por conta de alguns aspectos do seu modo de vida, tais como a filtração de alimentos da água. Nos bivalves, o teste do MN avalia efeitos aneugênicos e clastogênicos preferencialmente em hemócitos e células das brânquias. Nas duas últimas décadas, pode-se observar um aumento interessante no número de estudos usando o teste do MN em espécies de bivalves, incluindo tanto o biomonitoramento in situ quanto ensaios de genotoxicidade em condições controladas de laboratório, que são direcionados a diversas substâncias químicas com potencial genotóxico e carcinogênico no ambiente aquático.
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