Priority directions of increasing the adaptivity of universities to the conditions of the digital economy

The digital economy forms a set of new challenges to the higher education system, namely: accelerating the pace of socio-economic transformations; transformation of information into a commodity and a productive force; large-scale digitalization of economic entities; virtualization of workplaces; active introduction of information and communication technologies; creation of a global information field; exacerbation of cybersecurity problems. In such conditions, the system of higher education and the activities of universities need to be adequately changed in order to ensure their competitiveness in the modern market of educational services. The article substantiates the need to increase the level of adaptability of higher education institutions to exogenous challenges. Under the category of adaptability, it is proposed to understand the desired property of the higher education system, which determines its ability to absorb shocks, adapt or reorganize in accordance with the challenges posed by the development of the digital economy. The main parameters of the adaptability of the higher education system to the digital economy are the degree of its resistance to external disturbances, the depth of response to them, the speed of recovery after crises, the degree of structural and functional reorganization, the possibility of continuing pre-board development trajectory. The purpose of the article is to formulate scientifically sound proposals to increase the level of adaptability of universities to the challenges of the digital economy. The authors of the set of such proposals are structured according to the selected types of adaptability: introversion and extraversion.


INTRODUCTION
The development of the digital economy is characterized by the accelerated transformation of socio-economic relations, which puts forward new demands on economic actors. The dynamics of such changes increase the uncertainty of the exogenous environment and cause risks. The stability of the functioning of socio-economic systems in these conditions directly depends on their adaptability.
The concept of adaptability is interdisciplinary, widely used in biological, mathematical, sociological, cybernetic, as well as in a number of technical and economic sciences. The word "adaptability" comes from the Latin "adaptio" and means "adaptation". For the first time in scientific use, this term appeared in biology, later penetrating other areas of research. In the scientific literature, the concept of adaptability is often used along with the term "adaptation". However, despite some similarities, these categories are not identical. In particular, adaptation is the process of adapting a system or its individual subsystems / components / elements to changes in the environment. While adaptability is seen as a property or characteristic of the socio-economic system. We hold the same position in this study. Most of the articles are aimed at studying the peculiarities of changing the educational process, the introduction of information and communication technologies and the latest digital tools for interaction with students (Levin, 1992;Abrosimova, 2019;Faleev, 2018;Аbrosimova, 2020;Arkorful, 2015;Mostert, 2009;Mukama, 2008). The concept of a digital university is not new and has been considered by scientists since 2012 (McCluskey & Winter, 2014;Jones & Goodfellow, 2012, Johnston, 2018Gehrke, 2014). However, the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic have formed a set of new requirements for universities and the pace of their digitalisation. This, in turn, necessitated a rethinking and modernization of the concept of the digital university (Neborsky, 2020;Habib, 2021). Key aspects of the development of the higher education system in the conditions of information economy formation are revealed in the works (Djakona, 2020;Zhavoronok & Kozlovskyi, 2020). Despite the availability of thorough research on the development of higher education institutions in modern conditions, in-depth study requires the identification of priority areas for improving the adaptability of universities to the challenges of digitalization of the national economy.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In the opinion of the authors of the article, first of all it is necessary to distinguish between the categories "adaptability" and "adaptation", which are not appropriate to identify. The substantiation of this statement is given in fig. 1. Adaptability, as a property of the socio-economic system, determines its ability to adapt, structural reorganization, transformation while maintaining its basic functions and characteristics. In the opinion of the authors, interpreting adaptability should be based not only on external but also on internal changes. This is especially true in the study of complex open socio-economic systems, which include the system of higher education. Because the system as a whole for selfpreservation must be able to adapt to radical changes in its structural elements or subsystems. The adequacy and speed of the system's response to such changes directly affects its viability.
Thus, the analysis of the category "adaptability" reveals a three-dimensional approach, namely: first, structural, secondly, functional, thirdly, behavioral. This allows you to take into account both the essential points and the set of relationships between subsystems of different levels and with agents of the environment; both exogenous and endogenous parameters of transformations. We consider it quite justified, because in this case the criteria of changes in the environment are taken into account, their causes are established, the nature and extent of structural changes aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the socio-economic system in turbulent conditions. The property of adaptability allows the socio-economic system to balance with the pace of development of the external environment, changing or maintaining its own trajectory in accordance with the action of various factors.

METHODOLOGY
Thus, the interdisciplinary analysis proved that scientists, whose works have been previously studied, often in different related sciences mainly use three approaches: -"shock response"involves reducing the possibility of rapid adjustment of the economy and its recovery in a budget deficit, stagflation and unemployment; -"shock absorption" -substantiates that the tools of shock absorption are mechanisms of endogenous regulation that can reduce the negative impact of shock on the system, such tools may include highly skilled labor; -"shock avoidance" -implies that this aspect of resilience is a mandatory and natural component of the vulnerability of economic systems.
Considering the national system of higher education as a socio-economic system, we consider the above approaches to the definition applicable to our study. It is appropriate to talk Characteristic about ensuring the adaptability of the higher education system, as this system is endowed with such properties as openness, complexity, ability to self-organize and resistance to external disturbances. In addition, this system has accumulated a huge information base, created a network of information channels. Moreover, it is not only about the ability of staff to learn throughout life, but also about the ability of the socio-economic system to self-study as a basis for its effective functioning.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A detailed analysis of the internal content of the category of adaptability of the higher education system to the conditions of the digital economy is presented in table 1. Table 1. The essence of the adaptability of the higher education system to the conditions of the digital economy (according to the approach of Martin R. and Sanli R.).

Question
General aspects of the definition Specific aspects of the definition adaptability of what? -defining characteristics, critical signs of system adaptability; -approach to measuring system adaptability; -criteria for determining the structural and functional restructuring of the system in response to shock perturbations Adaptability is the ability of the higher education system to transform under the influence of the digital economy without losing or radically changing the system-forming (structural and functional-target) properties. Taking into account the dialistic nature of adaptability. adaptability to what? -nature, intensity and duration of external disturbances; -forms of shock perturbations and the ability of the system to withstand various of them Adaptability is the ability of a higher education system to withstand, absorb, adapt and reorganize in response to the challenges posed by the digital economy.
Taking into account the two-way impact of higher education and the digital economy. how? -methods or means by which adaptability is formed; -mechanisms of system response to shock perturbations; -factors influencing such mechanisms and processes The need to develop a mechanism determined by exogenous and endogenous factors to ensure the adaptability of the national higher education system in the development of the digital economy is urgent.
with what result? -duration and nature of the system after external disturbances; -the ability of the system to return to the pre-shock state and continue the trajectory of development Strategic orientation of the mechanism of ensuring the adaptability of the higher education system to achieve the pre-crisis state with the continuation of the growing trend of development.
In their study, the authors proceed from the hypothesis of the existence of two types of adaptability: introversion and extraversion (Fig. 2). In our opinion, the extraverted adaptability of the higher education system is formed in response to the trend of the global information field, and the introverted adaptability is formed in response to the new challenges caused by the digitalization of the national economy. Increasing the extraversional adaptability of the university means intensifying the processes of introduction of modern information and communication technologies, development of tools and methods of distance learning, expanding students' access to mass online courses (MEP) and others. To ensure introverted adaptability, universities are expanding programs to develop students' digital skills, increase their level of information literacy, and master practical skills in working with innovative technologies.
Increasing the level of adaptability of higher education and universities to the conditions of the digital economy is implemented in the following areas: 1) synchronization with the priorities of the state innovation, scientific and technical, educational policy, as well as harmonization with international, European programs in the fields of higher education and science; 2) stimulating cooperation between universities and business in educational and research activities; 3) ensuring the effectiveness of the model of financing higher education with the diversification of sources and differentiation of paid services while expanding the financial autonomy of universities; 4) intensification of international scientific and educational cooperation of universities as a reaction to the requirements of globalization and internationalization of the educational space; 5) increasing the effectiveness of universities: -educational activities (indicator -the level of competitiveness of graduates in the labor market), -research activities (indicator -the volume of commercialization of patented inventions and developments), -innovation activity (indicatorindicators of transfer of generated innovations to the real sector of the economy), -international activities (indicator -the number of joint research and educational projects funded by international grants); 6) accelerating the pace of implementation of modern information and communication technologies; 7) guaranteeing the effective functioning of the intellectual property protection system; Introverted adaptability of the higher education system 8) introduction of effective motivational mechanisms for the development of cooperation of higher education institutions with the business sector (this will strengthen the relationship between them, which will increase the adaptability of their subjects to external disturbances formed by the digitalization of the national economy).
The directions outlined above in terms of types of adaptability of the higher education system and universities to the current challenges of the digital economy are visualized in Fig. 3.   Implementation of measures to inform about the prospects of business cooperation with universities; support of information platforms on the results of university research; harmonization of the provisions of the current legislation in terms of regulating the activities of higher education institutions Excessive tax pressure on business (including small business) The level of business satisfaction with products received from higher education institutions; duration of cooperation between enterprises and universities Informing about the needs of the business sector; research funding; investing in innovative projects; formulating recommendations to universities on the developments in demand in the market In their study, the authors assume that the successful implementation of measures to increase the adaptability of higher education and universities to the challenges of the digital economy requires an integrated approach, ie should be implemented at different levels. In particular, macro-dimension (identification of conceptual directions of development), mesodimension (target realization of strategic goals), micro-dimension (functional realization of tasks or operational goals) are distinguished. This takes into account a set of factors, namely: -factors of state regulation -creating a favorable investment climate for the generation and provision of education; promoting the growth of investment in intellectual capital; easing the tax burden on higher education institutions and promoting their financial self-sufficiency; -factors of intellectualization -the development of creative forms of education and the introduction of new educational technologies, improving the quality of education; growth of labor market requirements for qualification characteristics and competencies of employees; increasing the demand of economic entities for intellectual work; the growing role of human capital in the socio-economic development of the country; -factors of globalization -increasing the competitiveness of highly qualified professionals in the international labor market; deepening international cooperation, intensifying competition and accelerating intellectual migration; Priority directions of increasing the adaptivity of universities to the conditions of the digital economy -factors of structural transformation -diversification of forms of educational activity; increasing the level of employment in science-intensive industries; development of educational and qualification structure of staff; increase academic mobility.

CONCLUSION
The article defines the essence of adaptability as a property of the higher education system that determines its ability to absorb shocks, adapt or reorganize in accordance with the challenges posed by the digital economy. Emphasis should be placed on the need to preserve the systemforming features and basic functions of the national system of higher education.
The system of higher education refers to adaptive systems with automatic optimization of management quality, with the possibility of self-organization and self-learning. Ensuring the adaptability of the higher education system to the conditions of the digital economy will allow: to optimize the activities of higher education institutions as elements of the educational system in conditions of incomplete input information; to promote the growth of the level of competitiveness of the national system of higher education in the global market of educational services by increasing the level of its adequacy to world trends; increase the level of resilience of the system to turbulent socio-economic conditions; increase the viability of the system in a dynamic exogenous environment. The main parameters of the adaptability of the higher education system are the ability to withstand external disturbances, the speed of recovery after crises, the assessment of the intensity of structural and functional reorganization, the ability to continue the pre-board trajectory of development.
The implementation of the measures proposed in the article is aimed at: convergence of education, science and business; ensuring diversification of sources of funding for higher education institutions; increasing the investment attractiveness of research results of universities; increasing the international competitiveness of higher education institutions. The formation of the adaptability of the national system of higher education will ensure its viability in the dynamic exogenous conditions of digitalization of the national economy.